by Troy Brownfield
Talk about your storied histories: they start at one company, move to another, get assigned to an alternate Earth, move to the main Earth in their own book, get cancelled, come back in the past, learn about a previous doomed version of their team, move Earths for the first (second?) time, get merged into one Earth with everyone else, fall off the radar, regroup in a crossover special, only make guest appearances in someone else’s book for a couple of years, then get fairly slaughtered in the first few pages of the biggest crossover in twenty years, reappear in completely different forms in a new mini, take a detour through a Brave New World, then land again in their own title. Of course, we’re talking about the Freedom Fighters. And all the twists and turns aren’t even the strange part. The question has to be, “How does a team that didn’t start as a team go through so many changes and
still resonate with fans?” Let’s look . . .
[Note: As per usual, this does not pretend to be completely exhaustive…]
A Certain Quality: The story of the Freedom Fighters actually begins in the late 1930s at Quality Comics. Quality was merely one of dozens of companies at the time that were cashing in on the super-hero craze, propagating characters amid a variety of anthology titles. Notable titles included
Police Comics and
G.I. Combat, and the sizeable stable of characters featured luminaries like Plastic Man and the Blackhawks. Eventually, Quality began to suffer financially and, by the 1950s, they went under. National (later DC) bought their slate of characters and titles, transferring some over into use immediately (like
G.I. Combat and Plastic Man) and keeping others in the drawer.
First Fighters: Writer/editor Len Wein tells the story of how the Freedom Fighters first came to be in the intro to
Crisis on Multiple Earths Volume 3. Within the pages of
Justice League of America, the team-ups between the JLA of Earth-1 and the JSA of Earth-2 had become an annual tradition. For the 100th issue of JLA, which happened to be the first part of the tenth annual team-up, writer Wein had gone nuts, throwing in the Seven Soldiers of Victory as well to make for a thirty-three character party.
The tale sold extremely well. So well, in fact, that JLA editor Julius Schwartz asked Len who else was going to join the JLA/JSA fun in the next team-up, slated to begin in issue #107. Wein decided to go to that backlog of Quality characters and pick a few to represent the “third group” for the team-up. Knowing that their primary exposure was in the World War 2 era, Wein put together a scenario where the group of heroes, led by Uncle Sam, lived on a world where the Nazis had won WW2, but where the heroes had never quit fighting. He dubbed this Quality conglomerate “The Freedom Fighters”.
(Historical Note: Wein, in keeping with most of the team-ups having “Crisis” as part of their name, originally forwarded the idea of calling the story “Crisis on Earth-[Swastika]”. Schwartz flatly rejected having the Nazi symbol in the title, but counter-proposed that the new world be simply called “Earth-X”, joining the previously established Earths 1, 2,3 and S.)

When “Crisis on Earth-X” ran, beginning the September-October 1973 cover-dated issue #107 of
Justice League of America, fans instantly warmed to the team. In addition to Uncle Sam, there was The Ray, Black Condor, Doll Man, Human Bomb, and Phantom Lady. It should be noted the Phantom Lady as a concept has a long and winding history; though the familiar version did indeed first appear in Quality’s
Police Comics, a number of publishers have laid claim to the name in different versions and titles over the years. The character even ran in her own title from Fox Feature Syndicate in the ‘40s. The full story would merit its own article, which, since I’ve suggested it, I am now sure that Matt will ask me to do.
Regardless, some brief background on the membership as originally forwarded by Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin:
Uncle Sam: First appearing in (appropriately) the July issue #1 of Quality’s
National Comics, Uncle Sam was a super-strong version of the personification of America that appeared on the army recruiting posters that featured the art of James Montgomery Flagg (yes, I said Flagg). He’s the obvious team leader.
The Ray: Lanford “Happy” Terrill’s basic powers of light and energy have subsequently been expanded upon in the
The Ray ongoing series of the ‘90s. In his earliest appearances, he essentially flies and shoots force blasts. Happy, who first appeared in
Smash Comics #14 from 1940, is the father of Ray Terrill, The Ray II, who has served as a member of the Justice League Task Force, Young Justice, and the early 2000’s version of the Freedom Fighters.
Black Condor: First appearing in it-would-never-be-named-that-now
Crack Comics, Black Condor could fly and later sported a ray gun and minor mental powers. The most distinctive thing about this character is perhaps the fact that he was a U.S. Senator. The most disturbing thing about this character is that he was actually an imposter; though good intentioned, Richard Grey Jr. actually took over the life, name and girlfiend (!) of murdered senator Tom Wright.
Doll Man: Able to shrink from six feet to six inches in height due to a formula of his own creation, Darrell Dane kicked off his career in
Feature Comics #27. His girlfriend later became Doll Girl, which prefigured the later Ant-Man/Wasp relationship. Though modern readers might snicker at the name a bit, Doll Man had a great pedigree; among the artists who drew his adventures were Will Eisner and Lou Fine. Remarkably, Doll Man actually headlined
Feature from his first appearance until the final issue #139 in 1950 (that’s 112 issues!). He also had his own 47-issue quarterly series that lasted from 1941 to 1943, took a break, then picked up again from 1946 to 1953.
Human Bomb: When evil agents try to steal your father’s chemical formula, should you swallow it? Roy Lincoln did, and discovers that his hands can make things explode. He develops a costume that looks like Homer Simpson’s work outfit. The Bomb was one of a number of characters debuting in
Police Comics #1, and he’s there pretty consistently through #58.
Phantom Lady: As I said before, her full history is pretty complicated. But Sandra Knight, her infamous suit, and her black light ray (which can cast darkness and turn her invisible) go back to
Police Comics #1. Much has been made about her revealing costume and other, er, endowments; interestingly, the cut-outs and expanded bosom came during the disputed Fox Feature Syndicate period and the art of Matt Baker (in fact, it was an issue of this run that is cited in Frederic Wertham’s book,
Seduction of the Innocent for its depiction of bondage and . . . wait for it . . . “headlights”. That’s right; the guy that nearly ruined comics repeatedly refers to big breasts as “headlights”. You should read it if you ever get the chance; it’ll make you tear your hair out).
So these were Wein’s chosen six. In
Justice League of America #107, members of both the JLA and JSA are caught in a transmitter accident and land on Earth-X. They meet the Freedom Fighters and become embroiled in their effort to defeat the Nazis. By the next issue, the combined group have disrupted planet-wide mind-control and won the war. Yay! The JLA and JSA head home to rest up for the next crossover, and the Freedom Fighters sit around for a few years.
A Whole New World: In the mid-‘70s, DC launched a metric ton of new titles. Unfortunately, DC eventually wound up canceling an equal or great numbers. During the expansion period, the Freedom Fighters got their own series. It was 1976, and the crew migrated to Earth-1 because hey, they were bored. You read that right: with the Nazis defeated, the FF didn’t feel like there was much left to fight for. So they headed to the mainstream DCU Earth because hey . . . plenty of fights.
Very quickly, the team made a mortal enemy in Silver Ghost and would do battle with him and his machinations repeatedly throughout their run. Firebrand, another Quality character, the original male version, joins the team in issue #12. Unfortunately, the series ended up getting whacked at number 15. Once again, the characters faded quietly into the background, making only minor appearances for a few years.
Though the series is uneven in several respects, it’s a rather fun read and features art by the likes of Rik Estrada and Ramona Fradon. Emphasis points include Human Bomb’s plight (who becomes completely explosive upon his arrival on Earth-1), Phantom Lady’s new power (intangibility), and the Phantom Lady/Ray romance.
Freedom Goes Retro and/or Retcon: The Freedom Fighters came back in a big way in the pages of
All-Star Squadron #31 in 1984. Written by Roy Thomas,
All-Star Squadron covered the adventures of the larger expanse of DC’s World War 2 era heroes, including the JSA, the core All-Stars, the Seven Soldiers of Victory, and others. The action took place on Earth-2, which initially made the book somewhat unique (spin-off
Infinity Inc. would also be based on Earth-2 until
Crisis on Infinite Earths; more on that later).
In issue #31, we see the first attempt at gathering most of the operating “mystery men” for a meeting. Dozens of heroes show up, including Phantom Lady (active since the early issues of the series), Black Condor, The Ray, and more. After the meeting begins, Uncle Sam arrives and tells his tale: he was fighting oppression on another Earth (obviously, Earth-X) and found a vortex that brought him to Earth-2. He attempted to recruit several heroes to go back and fight the Axis on his world. This proto-version of the Freedom Fighters include Hourman I, Neon the Unknown Magno the Magnetic Man, the Invisible Hood, Red Torpedo and Miss America (all of whom, with the exception of Hourman, were former Quality characters).
Unfortunately, Sam’s first team was killed trying to prevent the events of Pearl Harbor. The All-Stars debate whether or not to send a delegation to help protect the other Earth, or whether their responsibilities should be focused on Earth-2. Sam also reveals that there will be an Axis attack on California simultaneously on both Earths. Eventually a group decides accompany Sam; wouldn’t you know it, that group consists of Phantom Lady, The Ray, the Human Bomb, Black Condor, and Doll Man, plus another Quality holdover, the Red Bee.
Eventually, the group discovers that Hourman is still alive and a prisoner of Baron Blitzkrieg. Though the Freedom Fighters are captured, the Red Bee sacrifices himself to buy them time to escape. The vagaries of dimension travel only allow three heroes to cross back to Earth-X when the mission is done, so Sam, The Ray, and Black Condor return to Earth-X to keep fighting. This whole tale ran from #31-35 and contains some great Rich Hoberg art.
[Quick Note: In subsequent stories, post-Crisis, Miss America and Red Torpedo are also revealed to have survived; Red Torpedo’s story is covered in the ‘90s
Starman series, and Miss America gets used to explain continuity issues surrounding Wonder Woman and Fury in the JSA’s timeline in issues of
Young All-Stars, though that retcon has since been abandoned.]
Crossover during Crossover: Issue #50 of
All-Star Squadron, cover-dated October of 1985, catches us up on some of the events from
Crisis on Infinite Earths as Firebrand II is recruited by Harbinger for the Monitor’s universal defense efforts. As that’s going on, Uncle Sam returns to recruit more heroes for Earth-X to fight alongside him, Black Condor, and The Ray. A number of former Quality stars make the jump, including Phantom Lady, Doll Man, Human Bomb, Plastic Man, the Blackhawks, Alias the Spider, Jester, Midnight, Manhunter (Dan Richards) and his canine sidekick Thor.
The “classic” core line-up shows up later in the Crisis series. They clash with other heroes under the control of Psycho-Pirate, but later shake it off and join in most of the major battles throughout the rest of the series. After the events of
Crisis #10, Earths 1, 2, 4, S, and X merge into the Post-Crisis Earth. The Freedom Fighters are shown to have existed in World War 2, and did indeed fight alongside the JSA and All-Stars. However, there was never any between-world travel, and several of their earlier adventures were therefore wiped from existence. In Young All-Stars, it would be revealed through photos that heroes like Midnight, Jester and Quicksilver (later redubbed Max Mercury) were considered to be part of the team in the later World War 2 years.
Intermittent Times: I won’t attempt to catalog the various and sundry appearances that individual Fighters made in the late ‘80s and throughout the ‘90s, since the characters were fairly active. The Ray found the time to father The Ray II, who starred in the
The Ray: In A Blaze of Power mini and his own ongoing in the early to mid-‘90s. Likewise, the Black Condor appeared in the pages of the short-lived series belong to his successor, Black Condor II.
We recently found out through the pages of
Manhunter that Phantom Lady and Iron Munro of the Young All-Stars had a relationship. Their child becomes the father of Kate Spencer, the heroine now known as Manhunter. In fact, in the late ‘90s, Munro and the Human Bomb were roommates on a houseboat. Also, Phantom Lady mentored a successor, Dee Tyler, who debuted in
Action Comics Weekly #636 in 1989. Uncle Sam also put in some appearances during this low tide, including a Spectre story where briefly had a new identity: The Patriot.
Our Worlds at War!: During this massive 2001 crossover event, the JSA was tasked by President Luthor with attacking the Imperiex mothership. Chairman Sand called in all of the active reserves. Once the objective was reached, teams were assembled for various missions. The Patriot was assigned a group that consisted of: Phantom Lady II, The Ray II, Black Condor II, Iron Munro, and Damage, a young hero with powers very like The Human Bomb. Repeatedly in the adventure, Patriot refers to his team as his band of “Freedom Fighters.” This all took place in the
JSA:OWAW special.
Slow Build: Clearly, JSA writer Geoff Johns had some ideas about using the Freedom Fighters. The modern group appeared again to fight the triple-threat of Mordru, Obsidian, and Eclipso during the “Princes of Darkness” arc. Other brief appearances showed the group operating in a capacity of government agents. Frequently, fans asked about a Fighters mini or spin-off. Well, the fans were about to see the group on DC’s biggest stage, but not quite in the way that they may have wanted.
Infinite Crisis #1: In the opening salvo of
Infinite Crisis, the core of the recast Freedom Fighters were ambushed by the Society. Phantom Lady II, Human Bomb, Black Condor II, and Uncle Sam all perished. The Ray II was captured alive to be used in Alexander Luthor’s grand plan, and Damage was severely injured. The Ray would later escape (and be seen, healthy and in costume, during the recent “Up, Up, and Away” arc in the Superman titles), and Damage was noted to be recovering in the hospital later in
IC. At the time, many were skeptical about the permanence of Sam’s death, and that skepticism appears to have been rewarded in the pages of
Brave New World, as Uncle Sam has emerged from the Mississippi, ready to kick somebody’s un-American ass.
Wait, Wasn’t THAT Uncle Sam?: Granted, we were already given the reasonable expectation that Uncle Sam may have been reincarnated as lookalike Father Time, who showed up in the
Infinite Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Bludhaven mini. Father Time, who bears a striking resemblance to Sam, is working for secretive organization SHADE, a prime mover behind some plot points in the
Seven Soldiers event. Interestingly, the character referred to as Father Time in that story looks completely different, so perhaps something occurs in the delayed Soliders #1.
Regardless, Father Time has congregated new versions of The Ray, Phantom Lady, Doll Man, and Human Bomb. While they bear physical and powered similarities to the originals, their actions and demeanor are very different, even cold. Simultaneously, a new Firebrand, essentially a “man of the people” has emerged, and he’s been recruited by Uncle Sam for an as yet unseen purpose. Certainly, all these character seem primed for a collision in the impending
Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters mini-series.
Dissecting Appeal: So why do the Freedom Fighters continue to resonate? Excellent question. I have great fondness for the group myself, and I’m not quite sure why. Perhaps it’s the earnestness that they’ve always displayed. Perhaps it’s the somewhat goofy nostalgic kick of having a military recruiting symbol be team leader. Certainly, all the characters have individual qualities that inspire readers; witness Doll Man’s lengthy run in his original form. The early story, that of a group of heroes fighting a war that’s already been lost, definitely holds some power.
But really, I think that the subtle appeal to most people is that these are heroes that were never intended to work together, but meshed surprisingly well. They represent different facets of comics at the time (super-science, high fantasy, potent nationalism) and give an almost innocent twist to super-heroics. Granted, the new versions are very dark . . . and I think that’s the point. The rising of Uncle Sam (in fact, the use of Uncle Sam) may seem silly to some, but it does make sense, given that our own society (and the world at large) is in turmoil, and comics have always reflected their times. These heroes have lost their way, and Uncle Sam may be looking to inspire them to something better. I think that’s a worthy story to tell.
Troy Brownfield writes regularly for Newsarama.